A. Match these means of transport with their advantages and disadvantages.

1-INLAND CANALS
Advantages: cheap over long distances.
suitable for bulky goods and recreation, but little else.
Disadvantages: few routes and narrow.
expensive to build and maintain.
no flexibility of routes.
too shallow and short (UK)

2-WATER (OCEAN)
Advantages: cheap over long distance.
no cost in building the route.
good for bulky, low costs goods. (eg. coals, ores, grains)
costs spread over a large cargo.
Disadvantages: slow.
very limited routes to deep-water ports.
ships expensive yo build and maintain.
enviromental problems -especially pollution.
ports take up great space.

3- ROAD
Advantages: fast over shorts routes/motorways.
flexible routes/well developed network.
door-to-door.
independece and privacy.
high quality roads and motorways in many EMDCs.
Disadvantages: expensive over long distance.
slow in urban areas.
costs increase rapidly with time.
expensive to build and maintain.
limited load size/only small loads can be carried.

4-RAIL
Advantages: fast over medium-to-long journeys.
cost effective over medium-to-long journeys.
can carry hundreds of passengers and heavy bulky goods.
safe, dependable and comfortable.
run to a regular and reliable timetable.
avold congestion and delay.
Disadvantages: expensive on short and long routes.
inflexible, limited to routes.
limited by physical geography (gradient)
expensive to build and maintain.

5-PIPELINES
Advantages: continuous flow.
fast.
cheap maintenance.
no hold-ups nor congestion.
good for bulk liquids such as oil and gas.
Disadvantages: very expensive to build.
limited to very level routes.
enviroment problems (eg. Trans-Alaska pipeline)
inflexible once laid.

6-AIR
Advantages: fast over long distances.
limited congestion.
good for high value transport.
good for people, high tech industries and urgent cargo.
Disadvantages: lot of lands needed for airports.
noise and visual pollution.
very expensive to build and maintain.
no flexibility of routes.
carry only small loads.

WELFARE STATE: is a concept of government where the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life.

TRADE: is the voluntary exchange of goods, services, or both. Trade is also called commerce or transaction. A mechanism that allows trade is called a market. The original form of trade was barter, the direct exchange of goods and services. Later one side of the barter were the metals, precious metals (poles, coins), bill, paper money. Modern traders instead generally negotiate through a medium of exchange, such as money.

INSURANCE : in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment.

HEALTH SERVICES : The health-care industry incorporates several sectors that are dedicated to providing services and products dedicated to improving the health of individuals. According to market classifications of industry such as the Global Industry Classification Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark the health-care industry includes health care equipment & services and pharmaceuticals, biotechnology & life sciences. The particular sectors associated with these groups are: biotechnology, diagnostic substances, drug delivery, drug manufacturers, hospitals, medical equipment and instruments, diagnostic laboratories, nursing homes, providers of health care plans and home health care.

HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION: is a common concept in economics, and gives rise to derived concepts such as consumer debt. Generally, consumption is defined by opposition to production. But the precise definition can vary because different schools of economists define production quite differently. According to some economists, only the final purchase of goods and services constitutes consumption, and every other commercial activity is some form of production. Other economists define consumption much more broadly, as the aggregate of all economic activity that does not entail the design, production and marketing of goods and services.

INTEREST RATE: is the price a borrower pays for the use of money they borrow from a lender, for instance a small company might borrow capital from a bank to buy new assets for their business, and the return a lender receives for deferring the use of funds, by lending it to the borrower. Interests rates are fundamental to a capitalist society.

TERTIARISATION: is an economic and social transformation that affects the most developed countries since the last phase of the industrial revolution (third industrial revolution). Not only is that the population employed in the tertiary sector (services) becomes larger than the secondary sector (industry), but the form of work in this sector is broadcast on all others.

MOTORWAY: is a dual carriageway limited access highway with grade separated junctions designed and built solely for motorised traffic. In English-speaking countries the term is used in the United Kingdom, some parts of Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, some other Commonwealth nations, and Ireland (a motorway is also called a mótarbhealach)

PIPELINE: is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly, liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using compressed air have also been used.
As for gases and liquids, any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline. Therefore sewage, slurry, water, or even beer pipelines exist; but arguably the most valuable are those transporting fuels: oil (oleoduct), natura gas (gas grid) and biofuels.

FREIGHT: (or freight) is goods or produce transported, generally for commercial gain, by ship, aircraft, train, van or truck. In modern times, containers are used in most intermodal long-haul cargo transport.

GATT-WTO: the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (typically abbreviated GATT) was negotiated during the UN Conference on Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). GATT was formed in 1947 and lasted until 1994, when it was replaced by the World Trade Organization in 1995. The original GATT text (GATT 1947) is still in effect under the WTO framework, subject to the modifications of GATT 1994.

LEISURE: or free time, is a period of time spent out of work and essential domestic activity. It is also the period of recreational and discretionary time before or after compulsory activities such as eating and sleeping, going to work or running a business, attending school and doing homework, household chores, and day-to-day stress.

SPA: is associated with water treatment which is also known as balneotherapy. Spa towns or spa resorts typically offer thermal or mineral water for drinking and bathing. They also offer various health treatments. The belief in the curative powers of mineral waters goes back to prehistoric times. Such practices have been popular worldwide, but are especially widespread in Europe and Japan. Day spas are also quite popular, and offer various personal care treatments.

RESORT: is a place used for relaxation or recreation, attracting visitors for holidays or vacations. Resorts are places, towns or sometimes commercial establishment operated by a single company. Such a self-contained resort attempts to provide for most of a vacationer's wants while remaining on the premises, such as food, drink, lodging, sports, entertainment, and shopping.

ENVIRONMENT: is the symbiosis between the physical environment and the biological life forms within the environment, and includes all variables that comprise the Earth's biosphere. The biophysical environment can be divided into two categories: the natural environment and the built environment, with some overlap between the two.

Classify:

· Oil: mineral power
· Iron: mineral metalic
· Bauxite: mineral metalic
· Silk: animal material
· Cotton: vegetal material
· Milk: animal material
· Gold: mineral metalic
· Coal: mineral power
· Tuna: animal material
· Wood: vegetal material
· Granite: mineral non-metalic
· Diamonds: mineral non-metalic
· Skin: animal material
· Salt: mineral non-metalic
· Ivory: animal material
· Cooper: mineral metalic
· Tomatoes: vegetal material
· Sulphor: mineral metalic
· Mercury: mineral metalic
· Wool: animal material
· Linen: vegetal material
· Resin: vegetal material
· Rubber: vegetal material
· Cork: vegetal material.

Esplain what raw materials are used to produce:

- Shoes: skin
- Chairs: wood
- Juice: fruits
- Jewels: gold, diamonds
- Keys: iron
- Thermometers: mercury
- Windows: wood, glass
- Doors: wood
- Notebooks: paper
- Sweaters: wool, cotton
- Oil: oil

SOLAR: energy from sunlight is captured in solar panels and converted into electricity.

Advantages: potentially infinite energy supply.

Disadvantages: manufacture and implementation of solar panels can be expensive.

WIND: wind turbines (modern windmills) turn wind energy into electricity.

Advantages: potentially infinite energy supply.

Disadvantages: manufacture and implementation of wind farms xan be costly.

TIDAL: the movement of sea water in and out drives turbines.

Advantages: a lot of energy is generate this way.

Disadvantages: construction can be costly.

GEOTHERMAL: it is possible to use heat froma under the earth's surface in volcanic regions. Steam can be used for heating or tu power turbines creating electricity.

Advantages: potentially infinite energy supply.

Disadvantages: only works in areas of volcanic activity.

HYDRO - ELECTRIC - POWER (HEP): energy harnessed from the movement of water thorough rivers, lakes and dams.

Advantages: creates water reserves as well as energy supplies.

Disadvantages: They can cause the flooding of surrounding communities and landscapes.

BIOMASA: an organic material which can be burnt to provide energy (heat or electricity)

Advantages: it's a cheap source of energy.

Disadvantages: when burnt, it gives of atmospheric pollutants, including greenhouse gases.

What is a multinational corporation (MNCs)?

Is a corporation or an enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country.

Write a few lines about its characteristics.

With rapid advancement of communication and information technology and increasing interdependence of markets, the concept of global learning has received considerable research attention over the last decade. The value of global learning in the multinational corporation (MNC) can be particularly high because foreign markets often provide access to new ideas and stimuli that can be subsequently applied in other countries.

State the main 5 industrial MNCs and the country they are from.

McDonald's - US, Italy, Tokyo, Canada, Greece, Spain, Ireland, Pakistan, Sweden, Norway etc.

Coca Cola Company - A lot of countries like McDonald's

Inditex Group - Spain, England, North America and in the north of Europe.

Microsoft - Many countries, too.

Apple

Could ZARA be a multinational? And Citroën?. Write a brief report about them.

Yes, the could.

Zara: Zara is the flagship chain store of Inditex Group owned by Spanish tycoon Amancio Ortega, who also owns brands such as Massimo Dutti, Pull and Bear, Oysho, Uterqüe, Stradivarius and Bershka. The group is headquartered in A Coruña, Galicia, Spain, where the first Zara store opened in 1975.

Citröen: is a French automobile manufacturer. Founded in 1919 by André Citroën, it was the one of the world's first mass-production car company outside of the USA. Since 1976 it has been part of PSA Peugeot Citroën, and its headquarters is on rue Fructidor, in Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis, near Paris. The brand celebrated its 90th Anniversary in 2009.

Try to explain these cartoons:

We see the secretary of an industry that makes shirts complaining about the globalization of other industries, but the secretary is talking at once, with different countries, so the industry criticizes globalization but she herself is one of those industries.

In this picture represents the multinational as a monarchy, where the head is the "his Royal Globalness". On the wall we see multiple clocks with different times in different countries where they have their industry.

Here is represented as the big multinationals "squeeze" their employees.